# Samsung serial VFD — ESPHome component

An ESPHome external component for the Samsung 20L203 2-line × 20-character VFD
(vacuum fluorescent display) pole display, driven over a single serial wire.

- Keeps a copy of the screen in RAM and only sends data when something
  changes. Updates overwrite the screen in place instead of clearing it first,
  so a clock doesn't flicker.
- Supports every command in the datasheet: brightness, blinking, screen
  on/off, the triangle markers, cursor control, scroll modes, user-defined
  characters, code tables and the self-test.
- Converts UTF-8 text to the display's built-in font, so `é`, `ß`, `°`, `½`,
  `█`, Greek and Cyrillic come out as real glyphs.

<p>
  <img src="docs/front.jpg" alt="Front of the display" height="300">
  <img src="docs/back.jpg" alt="Back of the controller board" height="300">
</p>

```
components/samsung_vfd/    the component (Python schema + C++)
examples/samsung-vfd.yaml  full example device config
examples/secrets.yaml.example
docs/                      photos and the 20L203DA12 datasheet
case/                      3D-printable desk case (OpenSCAD + STL), see case/README.md
tools/gen_charmaps.py      regenerates components/samsung_vfd/charmaps.h
```

## Using it from your ESPHome server

Add this to your device YAML. ESPHome fetches the component from git when it
compiles.

```yaml
external_components:
  - source:
      type: git
      url: https://mangavalk.com/mangavalk/esphome-samsung-vfd
      ref: main
    components: [samsung_vfd]
    refresh: 1d

uart:
  id: uart_vfd
  tx_pin: GPIO2     # D1 R1 pin D9 (UART1 TX on the ESP8266)
  baud_rate: 9600   # match the display's jumpers (factory default: 9600, no parity)

time:               # required by the component (used by samsung_vfd.printf)
  - platform: sntp
    id: sntp_time

samsung_vfd:
  id: vfd
  uart_id: uart_vfd
```

The `uart:` block above uses the pin from the reference build, a WEMOS D1 R1
(ESP8266); see [Hardware](#hardware). Any ESPHome board with a free TX pin
works.

For a complete device, copy [examples/samsung-vfd.yaml](examples/samsung-vfd.yaml)
into your ESPHome config folder. Add the keys from
[examples/secrets.yaml.example](examples/secrets.yaml.example) to your
`secrets.yaml`.

## Hardware

The board in the photos is a 20L203DA5 (rev A). The included
[datasheet](docs/20L203DA12-datasheet.pdf) is for the 20L203DA12, a variant
with the same command set.

The reference build drives it from a WEMOS D1 R1, an UNO-sized ESP8266 board,
through a MAX3232. The [desk case](case/README.md) is made for that board.

### Connector (3-pin Molex 5046-03A)

| Pin | Signal | Connect to |
|-----|--------|------------|
| 1 | VCC | 5–24 V DC supply |
| 2 | RXD | MAX3232 T1OUT (T1IN ← D1 R1 GPIO2), see below |
| 3 | GND | supply GND, MAX3232 GND **and** D1 R1 GND |

### Power

The display takes 4.5–26 V. Its supply current with all dots lit (datasheet
section 4.6):

| Supply | Typical | Maximum | Inrush at power-on (5 × max) |
|--------|---------|---------|------------------------------|
| 5 V    | 0.8 A   | 1.2 A   | up to 6 A                    |
| 12 V   | 0.35 A  | 0.55 A  | up to 2.75 A                 |
| 24 V   | 0.2 A   | 0.3 A   | up to 1.5 A                  |

The inrush current sets the size of the supply, not the running current. A
12 V 1 A adapter is **not enough**: it current-limits at power-on and the
display browns out during start-up. A dev-board regulator can't supply this
either, so give the display its own supply and connect the grounds together:

- **12 V, 3 A or more** (recommended). The D1 R1 can share it through its
  barrel jack, which accepts up to 12 V.
- **12 V, 2 A plus a bulk capacitor** of 2200 µF / 25 V or more across VCC and
  GND at the display connector, so the capacitor supplies the inrush peak.
- **24 V, 2 A.** This has the lowest current, but don't feed it to the D1 R1's
  barrel jack: power the board separately, e.g. over USB.

### Signal levels

The RXD input goes through an RS-232 receiver: it expects ±3 to ±15 V and
idles at the negative level (mark). It tolerates ±30 V, so a 3.3 V ESP8266 pin
can't damage it. There are two ways to connect it:

- **Through a MAX3232 (recommended, and how the original build is wired).**
  Power the MAX3232 from the D1's 3.3 V, then wire GPIO2 → T1IN and
  T1OUT → display RXD. The MAX3232 produces real RS-232 levels and does the
  inversion itself, so use the plain `tx_pin: GPIO2`.
- **Direct from the ESP8266.** A plain TTL signal arrives inverted, so wire
  GPIO2 straight to RXD and invert the pin in the UART config:

  ```yaml
  uart:
    id: uart_vfd
    tx_pin:
      number: GPIO2
      inverted: true
    baud_rate: 9600
  ```

  This relies on the receiver's switching threshold, which on most RS-232
  receivers is around 1.3 V. It isn't guaranteed by the spec, which asks for
  at least 3 V.

If the display shows garbage or nothing at all, the inversion setting is the
first thing to check: off with a MAX3232, on without one.

### Why GPIO2

The ESP8266 has two hardware UARTs. UART0 (GPIO1/GPIO3) is the USB serial
port that ESPHome's logger uses. UART1 can only transmit, and only on GPIO2,
which is all this display needs. On the D1 R1, GPIO2 is the pin labelled D9.
GPIO2 must be high at boot; the MAX3232's input doesn't pull it low, so that
is fine.

### Jumpers

The 2×8 pin header on the board selects the following. Jumpers are read only
at power-on. All open is the factory default.

| Jumper 1, 2 | Baud rate |
|---|---|
| open, open | **9600** |
| open, short | 4800 |
| short, open | 2400 |
| short, short | 19200 |

| Jumper 3, 4 | Parity |
|---|---|
| open, any | **none** |
| short, open | odd |
| short, short | even |

| Jumper 5 | |
|---|---|
| open | **normal** |
| short | self-test at power-on (about 20 s) |

| Jumper 6, 7, 8 | Font for 0x80–0xFF |
|---|---|
| open, open, open | **PC437** |
| short, open, open | PC850 |
| open, short, open | PC866 |
| short, short, open | PC737 |
| open, open, short | PC775 |
| short, open, short | CP10 for DP86-20 |
| open, short, short | PC864 |
| short, short, short | PC852 |

Set `baud_rate` and `parity` (`NONE`, `ODD` or `EVEN`) under `uart:` to match
jumpers 1–4. The component sends the font from its `code_table` setting at
start-up, so jumpers 6–8 don't matter.

## Configuration

```yaml
samsung_vfd:
  id: vfd
  uart_id: uart_vfd
  cols: 20                    # default 20 (1–80)
  rows: 2                     # default 2 (1–8)
  brightness: 100%            # 40/60/80/100 %; other values are rounded
  code_table: PC437           # font for 0x80–0xFF, see "Characters"
  international_charset: USA  # see "Characters"
  send_newlines: false        # leave off for this display
  user_characters:            # up to 4 custom glyphs
    - code: "~"               # the ASCII character it replaces
      pattern:                # 7 rows × 5 pixels, top row first
        - ".#.#."             # '#', 'X', '1' or '*' = on
        - "#####"             # '.', '-', '0', '_' or ' ' = off
        - "#####"
        - "#####"
        - ".###."
        - "..#.."
        - "....."
```

The UART needs a `tx_pin`. The component requires a `time:` component in the
config.

The component remembers brightness, blink, on/off, triangle markers, code
table, character set and user characters. It sends them again after
`samsung_vfd.reinit` or a self-test.

## Actions

`id:` is optional in every action when there is only one display.

### Text

| Action | Options |
|--------|---------|
| `samsung_vfd.print` | `text` (templatable). Optional `line:` (0-based) replaces one line. Without `line:`, the text is word-wrapped over the whole screen; `\n` forces a new line. Optional `centered: true`. |
| `samsung_vfd.printf` | Shows the current time formatted with strftime, e.g. `format: "%H:%M:%S"`. Requires `time_id:`. Takes the same `line:` and `centered:` options. Does nothing until the clock has synced. |
| `samsung_vfd.clear` | Clears the screen. |

```yaml
- samsung_vfd.print:
    line: 0
    text: !lambda 'return "Temp " + to_string((int) id(temp).state) + "°C";'
- samsung_vfd.printf:
    time_id: sntp_time
    line: 1
    centered: true
    format: "%a %d %b %H:%M"
```

### Display settings

| Action | Options |
|--------|---------|
| `samsung_vfd.set_brightness` | `brightness:` (templatable percentage). Short form: `samsung_vfd.set_brightness: 60%` |
| `samsung_vfd.set_blink` | `interval:` (templatable time): on for that long, off for that long, in 13 ms steps up to 3.3 s. `0ms` stops blinking. |
| `samsung_vfd.turn_off` / `turn_on` | Blanks the screen and brings it back without losing its contents. |
| `samsung_vfd.set_annunciator` | `column:` 1–20, or 0 for all; `state:` true/false (both templatable). Switches the triangle under that column. |
| `samsung_vfd.reinit` | Resets the display, re-applies all settings and redraws the screen. Use it when the display was power-cycled without the ESP8266. |
| `samsung_vfd.self_test` | Runs the built-in self-test (about 20 s), then restores settings and the screen. |

### Raw control

The text actions above assume overwrite mode and always redraw from the
top-left. The commands below give direct access to the cursor. After raw
writes, the next `print` redraws the whole screen.

| Action | Options |
|--------|---------|
| `samsung_vfd.home` | Moves the cursor to the top-left. |
| `samsung_vfd.set_cursor` | `column:` and `line:` (0-based, templatable). |
| `samsung_vfd.write` | Writes at the cursor. Either `text:` (templatable, converted like `print`) or `data:`, which sends bytes unchanged, e.g. `[0x1F, 0x58, 0x02]` or `"abc"`. |
| `samsung_vfd.set_display_mode` | `OVERWRITE` (default), `VERTICAL_SCROLL` or `HORIZONTAL_SCROLL`. The scroll modes are for raw `write`s, e.g. a ticker; switch back to `OVERWRITE` before using `print` again. |

### Lambda API

Every datasheet command (section 5.4) has a method on `id(vfd)`:

| # | Command | Bytes | Method |
|---|---------|-------|--------|
| 1 | BS | `08` | `cursor_left()` |
| 2 | HT | `09` | `cursor_right()` |
| 3 | LF | `0A` | `cursor_down()` |
| 4 | US LF | `1F 0A` | `cursor_up()` |
| 5 | HOM | `0B` | `home()` |
| 6 | CR | `0D` | `cursor_line_start()` |
| 7 | US CR | `1F 0D` | `cursor_line_end()` |
| 8 | US B | `1F 42` | `cursor_bottom()` |
| 9 | US $ n m | `1F 24 n m` | `set_cursor(column, line)` (0-based) |
| 10 | CLR | `0C` | `clear()` |
| 11 | CAN | `18` | `clear_cursor_line()` |
| 12 | ESC @ | `1B 40` | `reinit()` |
| 13 | ESC % n | `1B 25 n` | sent automatically by `define_char()` |
| 14 | ESC & … | `1B 26 01 n n 05 p1…p5` | `define_char(code, {p1, p2, p3, p4, p5})` |
| 15 | ESC ? n | `1B 3F n` | `cancel_char(code)` |
| 16 | ESC = n | `1B 3D n` | `select_peripheral(n)` (1 = pass-through only, 2 = display, 3 = both) |
| 17 | ESC R n | `1B 52 n` | `set_international_charset(samsung_vfd::CHARSET_GERMANY)` |
| 18 | ESC t n | `1B 74 n` | `set_code_table(samsung_vfd::CODE_TABLE_PC850)` |
| 19–21 | US MD1/2/3 | `1F 01`/`02`/`03` | `set_display_mode(samsung_vfd::MODE_OVERWRITE)` |
| 22 | US E n | `1F 45 n` | `set_blink(ms)`, `turn_off()`, `turn_on()` |
| 23 | US X n | `1F 58 n` | `set_brightness(0.0–1.0)` |
| 24 | US # n m | `1F 23 n m` | `set_annunciator(column, state)` |
| 25 | US @ | `1F 40` | `self_test()` |

The buffered text API is `print(text, centered)`, `print_line(line, text, centered)`
and `line_text(line)`. For anything else, use `write_text(text)`,
`write_raw(bytes)` and `encode(text)`, which returns the display bytes.

## Characters

Text is UTF-8, and each character becomes one byte:

1. ASCII (0x20–0x7E) passes through unchanged. Control characters become
   spaces.
2. Other characters are looked up in the selected `code_table`, the display's
   font for bytes 0x80–0xFF. With PC437, for example, `é` → 0x82, `°` → 0xF8,
   `½` → 0xAB and `█` → 0xDB. The pages at the end of the datasheet show
   every table.
3. Accented letters missing from the table lose their accent (`ő` → `o`).
   Anything else becomes `?`.

| `code_table` | Covers |
|---|---|
| `PC437` | US / Western European, box drawing, some Greek and maths |
| `PC850` | Western European (more accented capitals) |
| `PC852` | Central European (Polish, Czech, Hungarian …) |
| `PC866` | Cyrillic |
| `PC737` | Greek |
| `PC775` | Baltic |
| `PC864` | Arabic |
| `CP10` | DP86-20 compatible; no conversion table, accents are stripped |

The conversion tables in
[charmaps.h](components/samsung_vfd/charmaps.h) are generated from Python's
standard code page codecs by [tools/gen_charmaps.py](tools/gen_charmaps.py).

`international_charset` (`USA`, `FRANCE`, `GERMANY`, `UK`, `DENMARK1`, `SWEDEN`,
`ITALY`, `SPAIN1`, `JAPAN`, `NORWAY`, `DENMARK2`) replaces 12 ASCII characters
such as `#`, `[`, `\`, `]` and `{` with national letters. For example, with
`GERMANY`, `[` shows as `Ä`. The text conversion doesn't account for this, so
keep `USA` unless you want those swaps.

User characters replace an ASCII character: with the example config, every
`~` in your text shows the heart.

## What the example config does

- On boot: clears the screen, shows `Hello World! ♥` for 3 s, then restores
  line 1.
- Bottom line: a live clock, `%a %d %b  %H:%M:%S`, updated every second (SNTP,
  Europe/Amsterdam).
- Home Assistant entities:
  - **VFD line 1** (text, max 20 chars) is shown on the top line and kept
    across reboots.
  - **VFD status** (text, max 40 chars) shows a full-screen, word-wrapped,
    centred banner for 10 s. The clock pauses meanwhile, then line 1 and the
    clock come back.
  - **VFD brightness** (select: 40/60/80/100 %).
  - **VFD display** (switch) blanks the screen and brings it back.
- Wi-Fi with a captive-portal fallback AP, OTA updates and an encrypted native
  API.

## How updates are sent

At power-on the display is in overwrite mode. After the last column of the top
line the cursor continues on the bottom line, and after the last column of the
bottom line it goes back to the top-left. Nothing scrolls. Each update
therefore sends `0B` (home) followed by both lines, each padded to exactly 20
characters. Nothing is sent when the content didn't change.

## Troubleshooting

- **Garbage or nothing on the display:** toggle `inverted:` on the TX pin (see
  [Signal levels](#signal-levels)). Check that `baud_rate` and `parity` match
  jumpers 1–4.
- **The display runs its self-test for about 20 s after power-on:** jumper 5 is
  shorted.
- **Line 2 text lands on line 1:** make sure `send_newlines` is off. With
  20-column lines the cursor has already wrapped to line 2, and an extra line
  feed sends it back to line 1.
- **The display was power-cycled and lost its settings or text:** call
  `samsung_vfd.reinit`, for example from a Home Assistant button.